Tài liệu The Electrical Properties of Cancer Cells pptx

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magnetic field with lines of force at a 90-degree angle to the direction of current
flow. When a current increases or decreases the magnetic field strength increases
or decreases the same way.
• Conductor - in electrical terms a conductor is a material in which the electrons
are mobile.
• Insulator – is a material that has very few free electrons.
• Semiconductor – is a material that has properties of both insulators and
conductors. In general semiconductors conduct electricity in one direction better
than they will in the other direction. Semiconductors can functions as conductors
or an insulators depending on the direction the current is flowing.
• Resistance – No materials whether they are non-biological or biological will
perfectly conduct electricity. All materials will resist the flow of an electric
charge through it, causing a dissipation of energy as heat. Resistance is measured
in ohms, according to Ohm’s law. In simple DC circuits resistance equals
impedance.
• Impedance - denotes the relation between the voltage and the current in a
component or system. Impedance is usually described “as the opposition to the
flow of an alternating electric current through a conductor. However, impedance
is a broader concept that includes the phase shift between the voltage and the
current (Ivorra, 2002).”
• Inductance – The expansion or contraction of a magnetic field varies as the
current varies and causes an electromotive force of self-induction, which opposes
any further change in the current. Coils have greater inductance than straight
conductors so in electronic terms coils are called inductors. When a conductor is
coiled the magnetic field produced by current flow expands across adjacent coil
turns. When the current changes the induced magnetic field that is created also
changes and creates a force called the counter emf that opposes changes in the
current. This effect does not occur in static conditions in DC circuits when the
current is steady. The effect only arises in a DC circuit when the current
experiences a change in value. When current flow in a DC circuit rapidly falls the
magnetic field also rapidly collapses and has the capability of generating a high
induced emf that at times can be many times the original source voltage. Higher
induced voltages may be created in an inductive circuit by increasing the speed of
current changes and increasing the number of coils. In alternating current (AC)
circuits the current is continuously changing so that the induced emf will affect
current flow at all times. I would like to interject at this point that a number of
membrane proteins as well as DNA consist of helical coils, which may allow them
to electronically function as inductor coils. Also some research that I have seen
also indicates that biological tissues may possess superconducting properties. If
certain membrane proteins and the DNA actually function as electrical inductors
they may enable the cell to transiently produce very high electrical voltages.
Capacitance - is the ability to accumulate and store charge from a circuit and
later give it back to a circuit. In DC circuits capacitance opposes any change in
circuit voltage. In a simple DC circuit current flow stops when a capacitor
becomes charged. Capacitance is defined by the measure of the quantity of charge
that has to be moved across the membrane to produce a unit change in membrane
potential.
• Capacitors – in electrical equipment are composed of two plates of conducting
metals that sandwich an insulating material. Energy is taken from a circuit to
supply and store charge on the plates. Energy is returned to the circuit when the
charge is removed. The area of the plates, the amount of plate separation and the
type of dielectric material used all affect the capacitance. The dielectric
characteristics of a material include both conductive and capacitive properties
(Reilly, 1998). In cells the cell membrane is a leaky dielectric. This means that
any condition, illness or change in dietary intake that affects the composition of
the cell membranes and their associated minerals can affect and alter cellular
capacitance.
• Inductors in electronic equipment exist in series and in parallel with other
inductors as well as with resistors and capacitors. Resistors slow down the rate of
conductance by brute force. Inductors impede the flow of electrical charges by
temporarily storing energy as a magnetic field that gives back the energy later.
Capacitors impede the flow of electric current by storing the energy as an electric
field. Capacitance becomes an important electrical property in AC circuits and
pulsating DC circuits. The tissues of the body contain pulsating DC circuits
(Becker and Selden, 1985) and AC electric fields (Liboff, 1997).

Cellular electrical properties and electromagnetic fields (EMF)
EMF effects on cells that I will discuss in later sections of this monograph include:
• Ligand receptor interactions of hormones, growth factors, cytokines and
neurotransmitters leading to alteration/initiation of membrane regulation of
internal cellular processes.
• Alteration of mineral entry through the cell membrane.
• Activation or inhibition of cytoplasmic enzyme reactions.
• Increasing the electrical potential and capacitance of the cell membrane.
• Changes in dipole orientation.
• Activation of the DNA helix possibly by untwisting of the helix leading to
increase reading and transcription of codons and increase in protein synthesis
• Activation of cell membrane receptors that act as antennas for certain windows
of frequency and amplitude leading to the concepts of electromagnetic reception,
transduction and attunement.

Attunement:
• In my opinion there are multiple structures in cell that act as electronic
components. If biological tissues and components of biological tissues can
receive, transduce and transmit electric, acoustic, magnetic, mechanical and
thermal vibrations then this may help explain such phenomena as:
1. Biological reactions to atmospheric electromagnetic and ionic disturbance
(sunspots, thunder storms and earthquakes).
2. Biological reactions to the earth’s geomagnetic and Schumann fields.
3. Biological reactions to hands on healing.
4. Biological responses to machines that produce electric, magnetic, photonic and
acoustical vibrations (frequency generators).
5. Medical devices that detect, analyze and alter biological electromagnetic fields
(the biofield).
6. How techniques such as acupuncture, moxibustion, and laser (photonic)
acupuncture can result in healing effects and movement of Chi?
7. How body work such as deep tissue massage, rolfing, physical therapy,
chiropractic can promote healing?
8. Holographic communication.
9. How neural therapy works?
10. How electrodermal screening works?
11. How some individuals have the capability of feeling, interpreting and correcting
alterations in another individual’s biofield?
12. How weak EMFs have biological importance?

In order to understand how weak EMFs have biological effects it is important to
understand certain concepts that:
1. Many scientists still believe that weak EMFs have little to no biological effects.
a. Like all beliefs this belief is open to question and is built on certain
scientific assumptions.
b. These assumptions are based on the thermal paradigm and the ionizing
paradigm. These paradigms are based on the scientific beliefs that an
EMF’s effect on biological tissue is primarily thermal or ionizing.
2. Electric fields need to be measured not just as strong or weak, but also as low
carriers or high carriers of information. Because electric fields conventionally
defined as strong thermally may be low in biological information content and
electric fields conventionally considered as thermally weak or non-ionizing may
be high in biological information content if the proper receiving equipment exists
in biological tissues.
3. Weak electromagnetic fields are: bioenergetic, bioinformational, non-ionizing
and non- thermal and exert measurable biological effects. Weak electromagnetic
fields have effects on biological organisms, tissues and cells that are highly
frequency specific and the dose response curve is non linear. Because the
effects of weak electromagnetic fields are non-linear, fields in the proper
frequency and amplitude windows may produce large effects, which may be
beneficial or harmful. Homeopathy is an example of use weak field with a
beneficial electromagnetic effect. Examples of a thermally weak, but high
informational content fields of the right frequency range are visible light and
healing touch.
4. Biological tissues have electronic components that can receive, transduce,
transmit weak electronic signals that are actually below thermal noise
5. Biological organisms use weak electromagnetic fields (electric and photonic) to
communicate with all parts of themselves
6. An electric field can carry information through frequency and amplitude
fluctuations.
7. Biological organisms are holograms.

8. Those healthy biological organisms have coherent biofields and unhealthy
organisms have field disruptions and unintegrated signals.
9. Corrective measures to correct field disruptions and improve field integration
such as acupuncture; neural therapy and resonant repatterning therapy promote
health.

More details about the electrical roles of membranes and mitochondria
• Electricity in the body comes from the food that we eat and the air that we breathe
(Brown, 1999). Cells derive their energy from enzyme catalyzed chemical
reactions, which involves the oxidation of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Cells
can produce energy by oxygen-dependent aerobic enzyme pathways and by less
efficient fermentation pathways.
• The specialized proteins and enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are
located on the inner mitochondrial membrane and form a molecular respiratory
chain or wire. This molecular wire (electron transport chain) passes electrons
donated by several important electron donors through a series of intermediate
compounds to molecular oxygen, which becomes reduced to water. In the process
ADP is converted into ATP.
• When the electron donors of the respiratory chain NADH and FADH2 release
their electrons hydrogen ions are also released. These positively charged
hydrogen ions are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix across the inner
mitochondrial membrane creating an electrochemical gradient. At the last stage of
the respiratory chain these hydrogen ions are allowed to flow back across the
inner mitochondrial membrane and they drive a molecular motor called ATP
synthase in the creation of ATP like water drives a water wheel (Stipanuk, 2000).
This normal energy production process utilizing electron transport and hydrogen
ion gradients across the mitochondrial membrane is disrupted when cells become
cancerous.

What structures are involved in cancerous transformation?
• Many current cancer researchers believe that cancerous transformation arises due
to changes in the genetic code. However more seems to be going on than genetic
abnormalities alone. A series of papers written by Ilmensee, Mintz and Hoppe in
the 1970-1980’s showed that replacing the fertilized nucleus of a mouse ovum by
the nucleus of a teratocarcinoma did not create a mouse with cancer. Instead the
mice when born were cancer free (Seeger and Wolz, 1990). These studies suggest
the theory that abnormalities in other cell structures outside of the nucleus such as
the cell membrane and the mitochondria and functional disturbances in cellular
energy production and cell membrane potential are also involved in cancerous
transformation.
In examining the data to support this theory I found:
• As far back as 1938 Dr. Paul Gerhardt Seeger originated the idea that destruction
or inactivation of enzymes, like cytochrome oxidase, in the respiratory chain of
the mitochondria was involved in the development of cancer. Seeger indicated in
his publications that the initiation of malignant degeneration was due to
alterations not to the nucleus, but to cytoplasmic organelles (Seeger and Wolz,
1990).
• Mitochondrial dysfunction and changes in cytochrome oxidase have also been
reported by other cancer researchers (Sharp et al., 1992; Modica-Napolitano et al.,
2001)
• Seeger’s findings after over 50 years of cancer research are: that cells become
more electronegative in the course of cancerization, that membrane degeneration
occurs in the initial phase of carcinogenesis first in the external cell membrane
and then in the inner mitochondrial membrane, that the degenerative changes in
the surface membrane causes these membranes to become more permeable to
water-soluble substances so that potassium, magnesium, calcium migrate from
the cells and sodium and water accumulate in the cell interior, that the
degenerative changes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria causes loss of
anchorage of critical mitochondrial enzymes, and that the mitochondria in cancer
cells degenerate and are reduced in number (Seeger and Wolz, 1990).
• Numerous toxins have been identified that are capable of causing cancerous
transformation. Many toxins not only cause genetic abnormalities, but also affect
the structure and function of the cell membrane and the mitochondria.
• Toxic compounds that disrupt the electrical potential of cell membranes and the
structure of mitochondrial membranes will deactivate the electron transport chain
and disturb oxygen-dependent energy production. Cells will then revert to
fermentation, which is a less efficient primeval form of energy production.
According to Seeger the conversion to glycolysis secondary to the deactivation of
the electron transport chain has a profound effect on the proliferation of tumor
cells. Seeger believes that the virulence of cancer cells is inversely proportional to
the activity of the respiratory chain. Conversion to glycolysis as a primary
mechanism for energy production results in excessive accumulation of organic
acids and pH alterations in cancerous tissues (Seeger and Wolz, 1990).

The body is an electrical machine and the matrix of cells that compose the body
possess electrical properties.
• Among the electrical properties that cells manifest are the ability to conduct
electricity, create electrical fields and function as electrical generators and
batteries. This sounds like the basis of a good science fiction movie.
• In electrical equipment the electrical charge carriers are electrons. In the body
electricity is carried by a number of mobile charge carriers as well as electrons.
Although many authorities would argue that electricity in the body is only carried
by charged ions, Robert O. Becker and others have shown that electron
semiconduction also takes place in biological polymers (Becker and Selden, 1985;
Becker, 1990).
• The major charge carriers of biological organisms are negatively charged
electrons, positively charged hydrogen protons, positively charged sodium,
potassium, calcium and magnesium ions and negatively charged anions
particularly phosphate ions. The work of Mae Wan Ho and Fritz Popp indicate
that cells and tissues also conduct and are linked by electromagnetic phonons and
photons (Ho, 1996).
• The body uses the exterior cell membrane and positively charged mineral ions
that are maintained in different concentrations on each side of the cell membrane
to create a cell membrane potential (a voltage difference across the membrane)
and a strong electrical field around the cell membrane. This electrical field is a
readily available source of energy for a significant number of cellular activities
including membrane transport, and the generation of electrical impulses in the
brain, nerves, heart and muscles (Brown, 1999). The storage of electrical charge
in the membrane and the generation of an electrical field create a battery function
so that the liquid crystal semiconducting cytoskeletal proteins can in a sense plug
into this field and powered up cell structures such as genetic material. The voltage
potential across the membrane creates a surprisingly powerful electric field that is
10,000,000 volts/meter according to Reilly and up to 20,000,000 volts/meter
according to Brown (Reilly, 1998; Brown, 1999).
• The body uses the mitochondrial membrane and positively charged hydrogen ions
to create a strong membrane potential across the mitochondrial membrane.
Hydrogen ions are maintained in a high concentration of the outside of the
mitochondrial membrane by the action of the electron transport chain, which
creates a mitochondrial membrane potential of about 40,000,000 volts/meter.
When this proton electricity flows back across the inner mitochondrial membrane
it is used to power a molecular motor called ATP syntase, which loads
negatively charged phosphate anions onto ADP thus creating ATP (Brown, 1999).
• ADP, ATP and other molecules that are phosphate carriers are electrochemical
molecules that exchange phosphate charges between other cellular molecules.
According to Brown, “The flow of phosphate charge is not used to produce large-
scale electrical gradients, as in conventional electricity, but rather more local
electrical field within molecules (Brown, 1999).” The body uses phosphate
electricity to activate and deactivate enzymes in the body by charge transfer,
which causes these enzymes to switch back and forth between different
conformational states. So in a sense enzymes and other types of proteins such as
cytoskeletal proteins may function as electrical switches.
• The liquid crystal proteins that compose the cytoskeleton support, stabilize
and connect the liquid crystal components of the cell membrane with other cell
organelles. The cytoskeletal proteins have multiple roles.
• The proteins that compose the cytoskeleton serve as mechanical scaffolds that
organize enzymes and water, and anchor the cell to structures in the extracellular
matrix via linkages through the cell membrane (Wolfe, 1993). According to
Wolfe, “Cytoskeletal frameworks also reinforce the plasma membrane and fix the
positions of junctions, receptors and connections to the extracellular matrix
(Wolfe, 1993).”
• Self-assembling cytoskeletal proteins are dynamic network structures that create a
fully integrated electronic and probably fiberoptic continuum that links and
integrates the proteins of the extracellular matrix with the cell organelles
(Haltiwanger, 1998; Oschman, 2000).
• Cytokeletal proteins also structurally and electronically link the cell membrane
with cell organelles.
• Cytoskeletal proteins are altered in cancer cells. Alterations include: reversion
to arrangements typical of embryonic cells, and breakage of contact and
connections with ECM and neighboring cells. It is my opinion that change of
connections of the cytoskeletal proteins with ECM components and the cell
membrane will disrupt the flow of inward current into the cell, affect genetic
activity and is an important factor in disabling oxygen-dependent energy
production.
• Cells can obtain energy from food either by fermentation or oxygen-mediated
cellular respiration. Both methods start with the process of glycolysis, which is
the splitting of glucose (6 carbon) into two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon).
• Most biologists believe that glycolysis, the oldest metabolic way to produce ATP,
has been conserved in all living organisms. Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm
and does not require oxygen in order to produce ATP, but it is also a much less
efficient method than aerobic respiration.
• The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase occupies a pivotal role in determining
whether energy is extracted from glucose by aerobic or anaerobic methods
(Garnett, 1998). This enzyme exists in an altered form in cancer cells (Garnett,
1998). Over all membrane changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of normal
cellular electronic connections and enzyme changes are all factors that contribute
to the permanent reliance of cancer cells on glycolysis for energy production.

Electronic roles of the cell membrane and the electrical charge of cell surface coats:
• Cell membrane potential - All cells possess an electrical potential (a membrane
potential) that exists across the cell membrane. Why is this so?
• Cell membranes are composed of a bilayer of highly mobile lipid molecules that
electrically act as an insulator (dielectric). The insulating properties of the cell
membrane lipids also act to restrict the movement of charged ions and electrons
across the membrane except through specialized membrane spanning protein ion
channels (Aidley and Stanfield, 1996) and membrane spanning protein
semiconductors (Oschman, 2000) respectively.
• Because the cell membrane is selectively permeable to sodium and potassium ions
a different concentration of these and other charged mineral ions will build up on
either side of the membrane. The different concentrations of these charged
molecules cause the outer membrane surface to have a relatively higher positive
charge than the inner membrane surface and creates an electrical potential across
the membrane (Charman, 1996). All cells have an imbalance in electrical charges
between the inside of the cell and the outside of the cell. The difference is known
as the membrane potential.
• Because the membrane potential is created by the difference in the concentration
of ions inside and outside the cell this creates an electrochemical force across the
cell membrane (Reilly, 1998). “Electrochemical forces across the membrane
regulate chemical exchange across the cell (Reilly, 1998).” The cell membrane
potential helps control cell membrane permeability to a variety of nutrients and
helps turn on the machinery of the cell particularly energy production and the
synthesis of macromolecules.
• All healthy living cells have a membrane potential of about -60 to –100mV. The
negative sign of the membrane potential indicates that the inside surface of the
cell membrane is relatively more negative than the than the immediate exterior
surface of the cell membrane (Cure, 1991). In a healthy cell the inside surface of
the cell membrane is slightly negative relative to its external cell membrane
surface (Reilly, 1998). When one considers the transmembrane potential of a
healthy cell the electric field across the cell membrane is enormous being up to
10,000,000 to 20,000,000 volts/meter (Reilly, 1998; Brown, 1999).
• Healthy cells maintain, inside of themselves, a high concentration of potassium
and a low concentration of sodium. But when cells are injured or cancerous
sodium and water flows in to the cells and potassium, magnesium, calcium and
zinc are lost from the cell interior and the cell membrane potential falls (Cone,
1970, 1975, 1985; Cope, 1978).
• In writing this monograph I found that trying to describe what factors are primary
and result in other changes was like arguing over whether the chicken came
before the egg or vice versa. What is known is that in cancer changes in cell
membrane structure, changes in membrane function, changes in cell
concentrations of minerals, changes in cell membrane potential, changes in the
electrical connections within the cells and between cells, and changes in cellular
energy production all occur. Before I continue to explore these issues I want to
discuss the electrical zones of the cell.

Cells actually have a number of discrete electrical zones.
• For years I have been frustrated when I read papers and books that discussed the
electrical properties of cells. It was not until I read Roberts Charman’s work that I
began to understand that the electrical properties of a cell vary by location.
• According to Charman a cell contains four electrified zones (Charman, 1996).
The central zone contains negatively charged organic molecules and maintains a
steady bulk negativity. An inner positive zone exists between the inner aspect of
the cell membrane and the central negative zone. The inner positive zone is
composed of a thin layer of freely mobile mineral cations particularly potassium
and according to Hans Nieper (Nieper, 1985) a small amount of calcium as well.
The outer positive zone exists around the outer surface of the cell membrane and
consists of a denser zone of mobile cations composed mostly of sodium, calcium
and a small amount of potassium. Because the concentration of positive charges
is larger on the outer surface of the cell membrane than the concentration of
positive charges on the inner surface of the cell membrane an electrical
potential exists across the cell membrane. You might ask at this point the
question, how can the surface of cells be electrically negative if a shell of
positively charged mineral ions surrounds the exterior surface of the cell
membrane? The answer lies in the existence of an outer electrically negative
zone composed of the glycocalyx.
• The outermost electrically negative zone is composed of negatively charged sialic
acid molecules that cap the tips of glycoproteins and glycolipids that extend
outward from the cell membrane like tree branches. The outermost negative zone
is separated from the positive cell membrane surface by a distance of about 20
micrometers. According to Charman, “It is this outermost calyx zone of steady
negativity that makes each cell act as a negatively charged body; every cell
creates a negatively charged field around itself that influences any other charged
body close to it (Charman, 1996).”
• It is the negatively charged sialic acid residues of the cell coat (glycocalyx) that
gives each cell its zeta potential. Since the negatively charged electric field
around cells are created by sialic acid residues, any factor that increases or
decreases the number of sialic acid residues will change the degree of surface
negativity a cell exhibits. I will discuss later in this paper how cancer cells have
significantly more sialic acid molecules in their cell coat and as a result cancer
cells have a greater surface negativity. In my opinion one of reasons that enzyme
therapy is beneficial in cancer is because certain enzymes can remove sialic acid
residues from cancer cells reducing their surface negativity.

The electrical properties of cancer cells part 1
• Some of the characteristic features of cancerous cells that affect their electrical
activity are:
1. Cancer cells are less efficient in their production of cellular energy (ATP).
2. Cancer cells have cell membranes that exhibit different electrochemical
properties and a different distribution of electrical charges than normal
tissues (Cure, 1991. 1995).
3. Cancer cells also have different lipid and sterol content than normal cells
(Revici, 1961).
4. Cancer cells have altered membrane composition and membrane
permeability, which results in the movement of potassium, magnesium
and calcium out of the cell and the accumulation of sodium and water into
the cell (Seeger and Wolz, 1990).
5. Cancer cells have lower potassium concentrations and higher sodium and
water content than normal cells (Cone, 1970, 1975; Cope, 1978).
• The result of these mineral movements, membrane composition changes, energy
abnormalities, and membrane charge distribution abnormalities is a drop in the
normal membrane potential and membrane capacitance. I will now discuss these
features in more depth.
• One of the characteristic features of injured and cancerous cells is that they are
less efficient in their production of cellular energy (ATP). One of the mysteries
of cancer is whether energy abnormalities cause or contribute to the mineral
alterations or whether mineral alterations and membrane changes cause or
contribute to the energy abnormalities by disrupting mitochondrial production of
ATP. But all these abnormalities are present and in my opinion all of them should
be addressed by therapeutic strategies.
• A change in mineral content of the cell, particularly an increase in the
intracellular concentration of positively charged sodium ions and an increase in
negative charges on the cell coat (glycocalyx) are two of the major factors
causing cancerous cells to have lower membrane potential than healthy cells
(Cure, 1991).
• Cancer cells exhibit both lower electrical membrane potentials and lower
electrical impedance than normal cells (Cone, 1985; Blad and Baldetorp, 1996;
Stern, 1999).
• Since the membrane potential in a cancer cell is consistently weaker than the
membrane potential of a healthy cell. The electrical field across the membrane of
a cancer cell will be reduced. The reduction in membrane electrical field strength
will in turn cause alterations in the metabolic functions of the cell.
• In the resting phase normal cells maintain a high membrane potential of around
-60mv to -100mv, but when cells begin cell division and DNA synthesis the
membrane potential falls to around –15mv (Cure, 1995). When a cell has
completed cell division its membrane potential will return back to normal.
• According to Cone two of the most outstanding electrical features of cancer cells
is that they constantly maintain their membrane potential at a low value and
their intracellular concentration of sodium at a high concentration (Cone, 1970,
1975, 1985).
• Cone has discussed in his publications that a sustained elevation of intracellular
sodium may act as a mitotic trigger causing cells to go into cell division (mitosis)
(Cone, 1985).
• It is generally thought that a steady supply of cellular energy and a healthy cell
membrane are needed to maintain a normal or healthy concentration of
intracellular minerals and a healthy membrane potential. This means that
conditions associated with disruption of cellular energy production and
membrane structure/function will result in changes in the intracellular mineral
concentration and a low membrane potential.
• This statement may be true for injured cells, but Cure has proposed that another
additional factor may be involved in changing the cell membrane potential of
cancer cells, the concentration of sodium and potassium inside of cancer cells, and
the mechanisms that cancer cells use to produce energy.
• Cure has proposed that the accumulation of an excessive amount of negative
charges on the exterior surface of cancer cells will depolarize cancer cell
membranes. He thinks that the depolarization (fall in membrane potential) of the
cancer cell membrane due to the accumulation of excess negative surface charges
may precede and create the reduction in intracellular potassium and the rise in
the intracellular sodium launching the cell into a carcinogenic state (Cure, 1991). I
know this must read like I am splitting hairs, but if the creation of an excessive
negative charge on the surface of a cell can initiate a carcinogenic change then it
means genetic changes can result from the development of cellular electrical
abnormalities.
• This has profound implications because it would mean that the development of
genetic abnormalities is not always the prime factor leading to cancerous
transformation.
• Cure’s theory ties into Dr. Paul Gerhardt Seeger’s work that cancer arises from
alterations in the functions of cell organelles outside of the nucleus (Seeger
and Wolz, 1990).
• This idea may mean that certain chemicals, viruses and bacteria create cancers by
modifying the electrical charge of the cell surface resulting in alterations in: